Forward ... v

Acknowledgements ... vi

Introduction ... vii

Section 1. Dispensing ... 1

Standard Statement ... 1

Background ... 1

Implementation ... 1

Additional Information ... 2

• Dispensing Person

• Dispensing Environment

• Medication Containers, Labeling, and Dispensing

• Delivery of Medications

• Pharmacy Service When the Pharmacy Is Closed

• Special Considerations Contributing to Drug Control

Section 2. Patient Counseling ... 15

Standard Statement ... 15

Background ... 15

Implementation ... 15

Additional Information ... 16

• Pharmacists' Knowledge and Skills

• Environment

• The Patient's Viewpoint

• Effective Patient/Pharmacist Interaction

Section 3. Refilling ... 30

Standard Statement ... 30

Background ... 30

Implementation ... 30

Additional Information ... 31

• Adverse Drug Reactions or Events

• Medication Errors

Section 4. Patient Adherence ... 39

Standard Statement ... 39

Background ... 39

Implementation ... 39

• Barriers Associated with the Medication Regimen

• Barriers Associated with Medication Side Effects

Section 5. Referral Process ... 44

Standard Statement ... 44

Background ... 44

• Up-Referral

• Down-Referral

Implementation ... 44

• Rationale for Up-Referral

• Rationale for Down-Referral

• Additional Information

• When Should You Refer?

Section 6. Education Programs ... 47

Standard Statement ... 47

Background ... 47

• Consumers' Source of Information on Medicines

• Health Education on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

Implementation ... 48

• Health Promotion

• Service as the Official Source of Drug Information

Additional Information ... 48

How To Prevent Drug Side Effects ... 49

Section 7. Interaction with Other Health Team

Members ... 51

Standard Statement ... 51

Background ... 51

Implementation ... 51

• Drug Information

• Drug Information Requests

• Dissemination of Drug Information

Section 8. Data Production and Collection ... 128

Standard Statement ... 128

Background ... 128

Implementation ... 128

Additional Information ... 129

Section 9. Control of Drugs ... 140

Standard Statement ... 140

Background ... 140

Implementation ... 140

• Receiving Drugs

• Drug Storage and Inventory Control

• In-House Manufacturing, Bulk Compounding, Packaging and Labeling

• Medication Containers, Labeling, and Dispensing

• Delivery of Medications

• Pharmacy Service When the Pharmacy Is Closed

Committee Considerations and Drug Control ... 143

• Health facility Committees

Additional Information ... 143

Section 10. Trainer's Review ... 154

1. Dispensing ... 154

2. Patient Counseling ... 155

3. Refilling ... 156

4. Patient Adherence ... 157

5. Referral Process ... 157

6. Education Programs ... 158

7. Interaction with Other Health Team Members ... 159

8. Production and Collection ... 159

9. Control of Drugs ... 160

Answers to Review Questions ... 161

Appendix A: Oral Dosage Forms That Should

Not Be Crushed – First-and Second-Line ARV

Adult and Pediatric Drugs ... 162

Appendix B: ARV Drug/Nutrient Interactions – First-and Second-Line ARV Adult and

Pediatric Drugs ... 164